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ValeriusBeta - Not investment advice
Research · S&P 500 · Information Technology
The numbers, the scorecard and what analysts say, with the source for each. Information, not advice.
Price · last 3 months · daily close
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Daily closing prices via yfinance. Quotes are delayed. Past prices are not a guarantee of future results.
Value Scorecard · run 2026-10-18
Earnings & returns
Diluted EPS: $3.26 (2022), $3.52 (2023), $3.27 (2024), $3.07 (2025). It ended at or below 2022; the framework scores that as 2.
ROE (net income / common equity): 12.0% (2022), 11.9% (2023), 10.4% (2024), 9.1% (2025). Median 11.1%, lowest 9.1%; the framework scores a median 10-15% as 3.
ROIC of 5.4%: operating income of $566.94M divided by $10.51B of capital (total assets $11.48B minus current liabilities $967.52M), fiscal year to Dec 31, 2025, as filed in the 10-K (SEC EDGAR). The framework scores 5-10% as 2.
Net margin of 9.5%; the framework scores 5-10% as 3; gross margin 57.5%, operating margin 7.6%.
Balance sheet & cash
Debt-to-equity of 1.97; the framework scores 1.5-2.5 as 2 (total debt $9.34B, total cash $3.36B).
Free cash flow (operating cash flow minus capital expenditure): $816.37M (2022), $618.40M (2023), $833.90M (2024), $699.26M (2025). It ended at or below 2022; the framework scores that as 2.
Retained earnings, as filed in the 10-Ks (SEC EDGAR): $1.92B (2022), $2.47B (2023), $2.97B (2024), $3.42B (2025). It rose every year; the framework scores that as 5.
Valuation models
IV = EPS x (8.5 + 2g) x (4.4 / Y) = $2.76 x (8.5 + 2 x 0.0) x (4.4 / 4.5) = $22.94 (EPS CAGR -6.6% floored at 0%; the formula returns a negative value below -4.25% growth). Current price $87.81; price is 282.8% above the model value.
FCF/share = $4.941, stage 1 growth = 5.1% for 5 years, terminal growth = 3%, discount rate = 10%. Stage 1 PV = $21.59, PV of terminal value = $57.89, DCF value = $79.48. Current price $87.81; price is 10.5% above the model value.
Graham value $22.94 (price is 282.8% above the model value); DCF value $79.48 (price is 10.5% above the model value).
P/B of 2.66; the framework scores 1.5-3.0 as 3.
Business quality
A moat (a brand, a network, switching costs, patents, scale, a licence) is not a number in the filings, so Valerius doesn’t score it. Below are the figures and the words moat analysis starts from, from the company’s own 10-K filings. The conclusion is yours.
Return on capital, each year
Above 15% in 0 of 10 years (2016-2025); lowest 5.4%, highest 11.7%.
Gross margin, each year
Between 60.8% and 71.9% over 10 years (a range of 11.1 points).
Competition, in the company’s own words · 10-K filed Feb 20, 2026
The market for our solutions is intensely competitive and characterized by rapidly changing technology, evolving industry standards and frequent new product and service innovations. We expect competition for our offerings to increase both from existing competitors and new market entrants. We compete primarily on the basis of: • the performance and reliability of our solutions; • massive distribution and availability of our network; • return on investment in terms of cost savings and new revenue opportunities for our customers; • reduced infrastructure complexity; • the ability of our products to function in hybrid cloud environments; • the placement and availability of our compute infrastructure; • sophistication and functionality of our offerings; • our long-term product roadmaps and ability to quickly innovate; • scalability; • security; • ease of implementation and use of service; • first-party global services and support across products;
The opening of the company’s “Competition” section in its 10-K, quoted word for word, not summarized or edited. It is the company’s own description, not Valerius’s view, and may include the company’s expectations. Open the filing.
Return on capital = operating income / (total assets − current liabilities), the ROIC row’s definition; 15% is the framework’s return threshold. Gross margin = gross profit / revenue. Both from each year’s 10-K via SEC EDGAR. Moat analysis commonly looks at whether returns and margins held up over many years. These figures don’t say whether the company has an advantage, what it is, or whether it will last.
Capital allocation, 2022-2025: dividends or buybacks paid in every year (pass); $2.62B paid out against $2.97B of free cash flow (pass); total debt $3.17B to $5.68B, up 78.8%, 4.2x EBITDA (fail: up more than 10% and above 2x EBITDA); shares outstanding 0.16B to 0.14B, down 7.5% (pass). 3 of 4 tests passed; the framework scores that as 4.
Filings
Three kinds of event the company reported to the SEC in the last 5 years, from its filings on SEC EDGAR.
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These are events the company reported to the SEC. An auditor change or a late filing can have many causes; each date links to the filing, where the company explains it. Valerius does not score these.
Graham Formula:
IV = EPS x (8.5 + 2g) x (4.4 / Y)
EPS = $2.76, g = 0.0%, Y = 4.5
g floored at 0.0% (3-year EPS CAGR was -6.6%; below -4.25% the formula returns a negative value)
IV = $22.94
Current price $87.81 vs Graham value $22.94 — price is 282.8% above the model value.
DCF:
FCF/share = $4.941
Stage 1 growth = 5.1% for 5 years | terminal growth = 3.0% | discount rate = 10.0%
Y1: $5.193 → PV $4.721
Y2: $5.457 → PV $4.510
Y3: $5.736 → PV $4.309
Y4: $6.028 → PV $4.117
Y5: $6.336 → PV $3.934
Stage 1 PV sum = $21.59
Terminal value at end of Y5 = $93.23
PV of terminal value = $57.89
DCF value = $79.48
Current price $87.81 vs DCF value $79.48 — price is 10.5% above the model value.Data from yfinance summary figures and financial statements, and from the company’s 10-K filings via SEC EDGAR; computed at a price of $87.81. Every score is calculated from the figures by the framework’s fixed rules, and the explanation beside it is generated from the same figures: Graham value, DCF value, margin of safety, ROIC, profit margins, debt-to-equity, price-to-book, EPS trend, ROE trend, free cash flow, retained earnings and capital allocation. No AI is involved in this scorecard. The moat is shown as evidence, without a score. Read each score with the figures beside it. Intrinsic value calculations are model outputs based on stated assumptions, not predictions.
Recent headlines · third-party publishers · not investment advice
The 8 newest headlines whose title names the company, shown automatically and never chosen by Valerius. From third-party publishers via Yahoo Finance, linked to the source. Valerius doesn't write or endorse them. Not investment advice.