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ValeriusBeta - Not investment advice
Research · S&P 500 · Information Technology
The numbers, the scorecard and what analysts say, with the source for each. Information, not advice.
Price · last 3 months · daily close
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Daily closing prices via yfinance. Quotes are delayed. Past prices are not a guarantee of future results.
Value Scorecard · run 2026-10-18
Earnings & returns
Diluted EPS: $1.07 (2022), $1.65 (2023), $2.23 (2024), $2.75 (2025). It rose every year; the framework scores that as 5.
ROE (net income / common equity): 27.7% (2022), 28.9% (2023), 28.5% (2024), 28.4% (2025). Median 28.5%, lowest 27.7%; the framework scores a median above 20% as 5.
ROIC of 27.4%: operating income of $3.86B divided by $14.07B of capital (total assets $19.45B minus current liabilities $5.38B), fiscal year to Dec 31, 2025, as filed in the 10-K (SEC EDGAR). The framework scores above 20% as 5.
Net margin of 38.4%; the framework scores above 20% as 5; gross margin 63.0%, operating margin 45.4%.
Balance sheet & cash
Net cash: total debt $0, total cash $13.34B. The framework scores a net cash position as 5.
Free cash flow (operating cash flow minus capital expenditure): $448.17M (2022), $2.00B (2023), $3.68B (2024), $4.25B (2025). It rose every year; the framework scores that as 5.
Retained earnings, as filed in the 10-Ks (SEC EDGAR): $3.14B (2022), $5.11B (2023), $7.54B (2024), $9.45B (2025). It rose every year; the framework scores that as 5.
Valuation models
IV = EPS x (8.5 + 2g) x (4.4 / Y) = $3.17 x (8.5 + 2 x 20.0) x (4.4 / 4.5) = $150.33 (EPS CAGR 29.3% capped at 20%). Current price $176.98; price is 17.7% above the model value.
FCF/share = $3.086, stage 1 growth = 20.0% (revenue CAGR 24.0% capped at 20%) for 5 years, terminal growth = 3%, discount rate = 10%. Stage 1 PV = $20.18, PV of terminal value = $70.15, DCF value = $90.33. Current price $176.98; price is 95.9% above the model value.
Graham value $150.33 (price is 17.7% above the model value); DCF value $90.33 (price is 95.9% above the model value).
P/B of 15.08; the framework scores above 5.0 as 1.
Business quality
A moat (a brand, a network, switching costs, patents, scale, a licence) is not a number in the filings, so Valerius doesn’t score it. Below are the figures and the words moat analysis starts from, from the company’s own 10-K filings. The conclusion is yours.
Return on capital, each year
Above 15% in 9 of 10 years (2016-2025); lowest 11.0%, highest 28.1%.
Gross margin, each year
Between 61.1% and 64.5% over 10 years (a range of 3.4 points).
Competition, in the company’s own words · 10-K filed Feb 17, 2026
• Broad and Differentiated Portfolio: Using best-of-breed merchant silicon, we deliver high-performance, purpose-built platforms with industry-leading capacity and designed to support a variety of customer needs, including low latency, high port density, deep packet buffers, and modular chassis. Our diagnostics and infrastructure service ("NetdiTM) ensures these platforms deliver the highest quality levels with superior signal integrity and power efficiency. • Rich Software-Driven Networking-as-a-Service: Our networking-as-a-service platform addresses the inherent limitations of legacy network architectures by relying on a single operating system (EOS), a single data lake (NetDL), and a single management solution (CloudVision). This strategy allows us to address a broad set of needs from client to cloud while maintaining feature consistency across our entire product portfolio. Unlike the competition, our modular, software-driven architecture enables us to partner closely with our customers and rapidly evolve our offerings to address changing needs while maintaining structural integrity and quality. Customers thus lower their total network operations costs with a modern operating model powered by capabilities such as streaming real-time telemetry, in-service software upgrades, and AI Ops.
The opening of the company’s “Our Competitive Strengths” section in its 10-K, quoted word for word, not summarized or edited. It is the company’s own description, not Valerius’s view, and may include the company’s expectations. Open the filing.
Return on capital = operating income / (total assets − current liabilities), the ROIC row’s definition; 15% is the framework’s return threshold. Gross margin = gross profit / revenue. Both from each year’s 10-K via SEC EDGAR. Moat analysis commonly looks at whether returns and margins held up over many years. These figures don’t say whether the company has an advantage, what it is, or whether it will last.
Capital allocation, 2022-2025: dividends or buybacks paid in every year (pass); $2.81B paid out against $10.38B of free cash flow (pass); total debt not available; shares outstanding 1.23B to 1.26B, up 2.4% (fail: up more than 2%). 2 of 3 tests passed; the framework scores that as 4.
Filings
Three kinds of event the company reported to the SEC in the last 5 years, from its filings on SEC EDGAR.
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These are events the company reported to the SEC. An auditor change or a late filing can have many causes; each date links to the filing, where the company explains it. Valerius does not score these.
Graham Formula:
IV = EPS x (8.5 + 2g) x (4.4 / Y)
EPS = $3.17, g = 20.0%, Y = 4.5
g capped at 20.0% (3-year EPS CAGR was 29.3%)
IV = $150.33
Current price $176.98 vs Graham value $150.33 — price is 17.7% above the model value.
DCF:
FCF/share = $3.086
Stage 1 growth = 20.0% for 5 years | terminal growth = 3.0% | discount rate = 10.0%
Stage 1 g capped at 20.0% (3-year revenue CAGR was 24.0%)
Y1: $3.703 → PV $3.366
Y2: $4.443 → PV $3.672
Y3: $5.332 → PV $4.006
Y4: $6.398 → PV $4.370
Y5: $7.678 → PV $4.767
Stage 1 PV sum = $20.18
Terminal value at end of Y5 = $112.97
PV of terminal value = $70.15
DCF value = $90.33
Current price $176.98 vs DCF value $90.33 — price is 95.9% above the model value.Data from yfinance summary figures and financial statements, and from the company’s 10-K filings via SEC EDGAR; computed at a price of $176.98. Every score is calculated from the figures by the framework’s fixed rules, and the explanation beside it is generated from the same figures: Graham value, DCF value, margin of safety, ROIC, profit margins, debt-to-equity, price-to-book, EPS trend, ROE trend, free cash flow, retained earnings and capital allocation. No AI is involved in this scorecard. The moat is shown as evidence, without a score. Read each score with the figures beside it. Intrinsic value calculations are model outputs based on stated assumptions, not predictions.
Recent headlines · third-party publishers · not investment advice
The 8 newest headlines whose title names the company, shown automatically and never chosen by Valerius. From third-party publishers via Yahoo Finance, linked to the source. Valerius doesn't write or endorse them. Not investment advice.