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ValeriusBeta - Not investment advice
Research · S&P 500 · Information Technology
The numbers, the scorecard and what analysts say, with the source for each. Information, not advice.
Price · last 3 months · daily close
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Daily closing prices via yfinance. Quotes are delayed. Past prices are not a guarantee of future results.
Value Scorecard · run 2026-10-18
Earnings & returns
Diluted EPS: $8.13 (2022), $8.10 (2023), $7.97 (2024), $8.08 (2025). It ended at or below 2022; the framework scores that as 2.
ROE (net income / common equity): 69.5% (2022), 54.1% (2023), 45.8% (2024), 40.9% (2025). Median 49.9%, lowest 40.9%; the framework scores a median above 20% as 5.
ROIC of 18.8%: operating income of $1.66B divided by $8.80B of capital (total assets $16.03B minus current liabilities $7.23B), fiscal year to Dec 31, 2025, as filed in the 10-K (SEC EDGAR). The framework scores 15-20% as 4.
Net margin of 4.6%; the framework scores 0-5% as 2; gross margin 21.4%, operating margin 7.3%.
Balance sheet & cash
Debt-to-equity of 2.63; the framework scores above 2.5 as 1 (total debt $6.43B, total cash $361.80M).
Free cash flow (operating cash flow minus capital expenditure): $1.21B (2022), $1.45B (2023), $1.15B (2024), $1.09B (2025). It ended at or below 2022; the framework scores that as 2.
Retained earnings, as filed in the 10-Ks (SEC EDGAR): -$1.76B (2022), -$1.53B (2023), -$1.32B (2024), -$1.27B (2025). The latest balance is negative (an accumulated deficit); the framework scores that as 1.
Valuation models
IV = EPS x (8.5 + 2g) x (4.4 / Y) = $8.32 x (8.5 + 2 x 0.0) x (4.4 / 4.5) = $69.15 (EPS CAGR -0.1% floored at 0%; the formula returns a negative value below -4.25% growth). Current price $150.48; price is 117.6% above the model value.
FCF/share = $5.414, stage 1 growth = 2.4% for 5 years, terminal growth = 3%, discount rate = 10%. Stage 1 PV = $21.95, PV of terminal value = $55.69, DCF value = $77.64. Current price $150.48; price is 93.8% above the model value.
Graham value $69.15 (price is 117.6% above the model value); DCF value $77.64 (price is 93.8% above the model value).
P/B of 7.72; the framework scores above 5.0 as 1.
Business quality
A moat (a brand, a network, switching costs, patents, scale, a licence) is not a number in the filings, so Valerius doesn’t score it. Below are the figures and the words moat analysis starts from, from the company’s own 10-K filings. The conclusion is yours.
Return on capital, each year
Above 15% in 10 of 10 years (2016-2025); lowest 17.5%, highest 25.1%.
Gross margin, each year
Between 16.5% and 21.9% over 10 years (a range of 5.4 points).
Competition, in the company’s own words · 10-K filed Feb 20, 2026
The market for technology products, solutions, and services is highly competitive and subject to economic conditions and rapid technological changes. This competitive environment includes the ability to tailor solutions to customer needs, the quality and breadth of product and service offerings, knowledge and expertise of sales force, customer service, price, product availability, speed of delivery, and credit availability. We face competition from resellers, manufacturers who sell directly to customers, large service providers and system integrators, cloud providers, hyperscaler marketplaces, e-commerce companies, and office supply retailers, among others. We also face competition from smaller, local, or regional value-added resellers that typically focus on a single solution suite or portfolio of solutions from one or two vendor partners. We believe we have sustainable, competitive advantages that differentiate us in the marketplace. We focus on providing high-quality service to gain new customers and retain existing customers. We have built a strong sales organization and deep services and solutions capabilities over time and expect to continue to invest to enhance these capabilities. We believe the combination of our competitive advantages of scale, performance-driven culture, and enhanced capabilities will help drive sustainable, profitable growth for us today and in the future.
The opening of the company’s “Competition” section in its 10-K, quoted word for word, not summarized or edited. It is the company’s own description, not Valerius’s view, and may include the company’s expectations. Open the filing.
Return on capital = operating income / (total assets − current liabilities), the ROIC row’s definition; 15% is the framework’s return threshold. Gross margin = gross profit / revenue. Both from each year’s 10-K via SEC EDGAR. Moat analysis commonly looks at whether returns and margins held up over many years. These figures don’t say whether the company has an advantage, what it is, or whether it will last.
Capital allocation, 2022-2025: dividends or buybacks paid in every year (pass); $2.92B paid out against $4.90B of free cash flow (pass); total debt $6.10B to $5.79B, down 5.1%, 3.0x EBITDA (pass: not up more than 10%); shares outstanding 0.14B to 0.13B, down 4.5% (pass). 4 of 4 tests passed; the framework scores that as 5.
Filings
Three kinds of event the company reported to the SEC in the last 5 years, from its filings on SEC EDGAR.
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These are events the company reported to the SEC. An auditor change or a late filing can have many causes; each date links to the filing, where the company explains it. Valerius does not score these.
Graham Formula:
IV = EPS x (8.5 + 2g) x (4.4 / Y)
EPS = $8.32, g = 0.0%, Y = 4.5
g floored at 0.0% (3-year EPS CAGR was -0.1%; below -4.25% the formula returns a negative value)
IV = $69.15
Current price $150.48 vs Graham value $69.15 — price is 117.6% above the model value.
DCF:
FCF/share = $5.414
Stage 1 growth = 2.4% for 5 years | terminal growth = 3.0% | discount rate = 10.0%
Y1: $5.543 → PV $5.040
Y2: $5.677 → PV $4.691
Y3: $5.813 → PV $4.367
Y4: $5.952 → PV $4.065
Y5: $6.095 → PV $3.785
Stage 1 PV sum = $21.95
Terminal value at end of Y5 = $89.69
PV of terminal value = $55.69
DCF value = $77.64
Current price $150.48 vs DCF value $77.64 — price is 93.8% above the model value.Data from yfinance summary figures and financial statements, and from the company’s 10-K filings via SEC EDGAR; computed at a price of $150.48. Every score is calculated from the figures by the framework’s fixed rules, and the explanation beside it is generated from the same figures: Graham value, DCF value, margin of safety, ROIC, profit margins, debt-to-equity, price-to-book, EPS trend, ROE trend, free cash flow, retained earnings and capital allocation. No AI is involved in this scorecard. The moat is shown as evidence, without a score. Read each score with the figures beside it. Intrinsic value calculations are model outputs based on stated assumptions, not predictions.
Recent headlines · third-party publishers · not investment advice
The 8 newest headlines whose title names the company, shown automatically and never chosen by Valerius. From third-party publishers via Yahoo Finance, linked to the source. Valerius doesn't write or endorse them. Not investment advice.