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Research · S&P 500 · Financials
The numbers, the scorecard and what analysts say, with the source for each. Information, not advice.
Price · last 3 months · daily close
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Daily closing prices via yfinance. Quotes are delayed. Past prices are not a guarantee of future results.
Value Scorecard · run 2026-10-18
Earnings & returns
Diluted EPS: $12.42 (2022), $13.20 (2023), $13.97 (2024), $15.03 (2025). It rose every year; the framework scores that as 5.
ROE (net income / common equity): 37.5% (2022), 29.9% (2023), 32.1% (2024), 27.5% (2025). Median 31.0%, lowest 27.5%; the framework scores a median above 20% as 5.
ROIC of 16.5%: operating income of $1.99B divided by $12.11B of capital (total assets $26.41B minus current liabilities $14.30B), fiscal year to Dec 31, 2025, as filed in the 10-K (SEC EDGAR). The framework scores 15-20% as 4.
Net margin of 22.7%; the framework scores above 20% as 5; gross margin 80.5%, operating margin 46.9%.
Balance sheet & cash
Debt-to-equity of 2.75; the framework scores above 2.5 as 1 (total debt $10.74B, total cash $3.18B).
Free cash flow (operating cash flow minus capital expenditure): $603.37M (2022), $1.95B (2023), $1.77B (2024), $1.30B (2025). It ended above 2022 but did not rise in 2 of 3 years; the framework scores that as 3.
Retained earnings, as filed in the 10-Ks (SEC EDGAR): $7.21B (2022), $8.19B (2023), $9.20B (2024), $10.26B (2025). It rose every year; the framework scores that as 5.
Valuation models
IV = EPS x (8.5 + 2g) x (4.4 / Y) = $16.45 x (8.5 + 2 x 6.7) x (4.4 / 4.5) = $352.25. Current price $399.84; price is 13.5% above the model value.
FCF/share = $29.640, stage 1 growth = 9.8% for 5 years, terminal growth = 3%, discount rate = 10%. Stage 1 PV = $147.40, PV of terminal value = $432.19, DCF value = $579.58. Current price $399.84; price is 31.0% below the model value.
Graham value $352.25 (price is 13.5% above the model value); DCF value $579.58 (price is 31.0% below the model value).
P/B of 7.41; the framework scores above 5.0 as 1.
Business quality
A moat (a brand, a network, switching costs, patents, scale, a licence) is not a number in the filings, so Valerius doesn’t score it. Below are the figures and the words moat analysis starts from, from the company’s own 10-K filings. The conclusion is yours.
Return on capital, each year
Above 15% in 7 of 10 years (2016-2025); lowest 11.9%, highest 19.3%.
Gross margin, each year
Not reported: the filings don’t state a gross profit or cost of revenue figure, as is common for oil and gas companies, banks and insurers.
Competition, in the company’s own words · 10-K filed Feb 27, 2026
Our primary competition is from financial institutions providing a full suite of financial products, including general purpose cards, AP payments (i.e. check and ACH) and cross-border solutions. We also compete with specialized competitive offerings from other companies that vary by product solution. • Corporate Payments: Our corporate payments solutions compete with similar offerings from banks, but also with other companies like American Express and Coupa. • Vehicle Payments: Our fuel solutions compete with similar offerings such as, WEX, U.S. Bank Voyager Fleet Systems, Edenred, Sodexo, Alelo, Radius Payment Solutions and DKV. Our toll solutions compete with similar offerings such as, ConectCar, Veloe (Alelo) and Repom (Edenred). Our parking solutions compete with similar offerings such as ParkMobile, ParkHub, Parking BOXX and FLASH. • Lodging Payments: Our lodging payments solutions compete with similar offerings from traditional travel management companies such as, American Express Global Business Travel, as well as in-house travel solutions at large corporations and airlines. • Other: Our gift and payroll card solutions compete with similar offerings from Fiserv, other special-purpose card issuers and payroll companies.
The opening of the company’s “Competition” section in its 10-K, quoted word for word, not summarized or edited. It is the company’s own description, not Valerius’s view, and may include the company’s expectations. Open the filing.
Return on capital = operating income / (total assets − current liabilities), the ROIC row’s definition; 15% is the framework’s return threshold. Gross margin = gross profit / revenue. Both from each year’s 10-K via SEC EDGAR. Moat analysis commonly looks at whether returns and margins held up over many years. These figures don’t say whether the company has an advantage, what it is, or whether it will last.
Capital allocation, 2022-2025: dividends or buybacks paid in every year (pass); $4.16B paid out against $5.62B of free cash flow (pass); total debt $7.04B to $10.00B, up 42.1%, 4.3x EBITDA (fail: up more than 10% and above 2x EBITDA); shares outstanding 0.07B to 0.07B, down 6.8% (pass). 3 of 4 tests passed; the framework scores that as 4.
Filings
Three kinds of event the company reported to the SEC in the last 5 years, from its filings on SEC EDGAR.
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These are events the company reported to the SEC. An auditor change or a late filing can have many causes; each date links to the filing, where the company explains it. Valerius does not score these.
Graham Formula:
IV = EPS x (8.5 + 2g) x (4.4 / Y)
EPS = $16.45, g = 6.7%, Y = 4.5
IV = $352.25
Current price $399.84 vs Graham value $352.25 — price is 13.5% above the model value.
DCF:
FCF/share = $29.640
Stage 1 growth = 9.8% for 5 years | terminal growth = 3.0% | discount rate = 10.0%
Y1: $32.545 → PV $29.586
Y2: $35.735 → PV $29.533
Y3: $39.237 → PV $29.479
Y4: $43.082 → PV $29.425
Y5: $47.304 → PV $29.372
Stage 1 PV sum = $147.40
Terminal value at end of Y5 = $696.04
PV of terminal value = $432.19
DCF value = $579.58
Current price $399.84 vs DCF value $579.58 — price is 31.0% below the model value.Data from yfinance summary figures and financial statements, and from the company’s 10-K filings via SEC EDGAR; computed at a price of $399.84. Every score is calculated from the figures by the framework’s fixed rules, and the explanation beside it is generated from the same figures: Graham value, DCF value, margin of safety, ROIC, profit margins, debt-to-equity, price-to-book, EPS trend, ROE trend, free cash flow, retained earnings and capital allocation. No AI is involved in this scorecard. The moat is shown as evidence, without a score. Read each score with the figures beside it. Intrinsic value calculations are model outputs based on stated assumptions, not predictions.
Recent headlines · third-party publishers · not investment advice
The 8 newest headlines whose title names the company, shown automatically and never chosen by Valerius. From third-party publishers via Yahoo Finance, linked to the source. Valerius doesn't write or endorse them. Not investment advice.