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Research · S&P 500 · Information Technology
The numbers, the scorecard and what analysts say, with the source for each. Information, not advice.
Price · last 3 months · daily close
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Value Scorecard · run 2026-10-18
11 of the 12 checks that carry a score were scored from the data available. 1 could not be scored (ROE Trend) and was left out, so the score is out of 55 instead of 60. The label uses the same share of the available points as for a full scorecard. The moat is shown as evidence from the filings, without a score.
Earnings & returns
Diluted EPS: $1.06 (2022), $1.46 (2023), $2.26 (2024), $2.42 (2025). It rose every year; the framework scores that as 5.
Shareholder equity is negative in 2022, 2023, so ROE has no meaningful value and is not scored.
ROIC of 38.9%: operating income of $2.08B divided by $5.36B of capital (total assets $10.39B minus current liabilities $5.03B), fiscal year to Dec 31, 2025, as filed in the 10-K (SEC EDGAR). The framework scores above 20% as 5.
Net margin of 28.2%; the framework scores above 20% as 5; gross margin 80.2%, operating margin 33.6%.
Balance sheet & cash
Net cash: total debt $561.40M, total cash $4.07B. The framework scores a net cash position as 5.
Free cash flow (operating cash flow minus capital expenditure): $1.45B (2022), $1.73B (2023), $1.88B (2024), $2.23B (2025). It rose every year; the framework scores that as 5.
Retained earnings, as filed in the 10-Ks (SEC EDGAR): -$1.55B (2022), -$1.86B (2023), -$117.10M (2024), -$507.90M (2025). The latest balance is negative (an accumulated deficit); the framework scores that as 1.
Valuation models
IV = EPS x (8.5 + 2g) x (4.4 / Y) = $2.73 x (8.5 + 2 x 20.0) x (4.4 / 4.5) = $129.46 (EPS CAGR 28.7% capped at 20%). Current price $169.13; price is 30.6% above the model value.
FCF/share = $3.088, stage 1 growth = 13.2% for 5 years, terminal growth = 3%, discount rate = 10%. Stage 1 PV = $16.84, PV of terminal value = $52.44, DCF value = $69.28. Current price $169.13; price is 144.1% above the model value.
Graham value $129.46 (price is 30.6% above the model value); DCF value $69.28 (price is 144.1% above the model value).
P/B of 80.00; the framework scores above 5.0 as 1.
Business quality
A moat (a brand, a network, switching costs, patents, scale, a licence) is not a number in the filings, so Valerius doesn’t score it. Below are the figures and the words moat analysis starts from, from the company’s own 10-K filings. The conclusion is yours.
Return on capital, each year
Above 15% in 6 of 10 years (2016-2025); lowest 3.3%, highest 38.9%.
Gross margin, each year
Between 73.5% and 80.6% over 10 years (a range of 7.1 points).
Competition, in the company’s own words · 10-K filed Feb 25, 2026
The markets for our products are extremely competitive and are characterized by rapid technological change. The principal competitive factors in our markets include: • product security performance, throughput, features, effectiveness, interoperability and reliability; • addition and integration of new networking and security features and technological expertise; • compliance with industry standards and security and other certifications; • price of products and services and total cost of ownership;
The opening of the company’s “Competition” section in its 10-K, quoted word for word, not summarized or edited. It is the company’s own description, not Valerius’s view, and may include the company’s expectations. Open the filing.
Return on capital = operating income / (total assets − current liabilities), the ROIC row’s definition; 15% is the framework’s return threshold. Gross margin = gross profit / revenue. Both from each year’s 10-K via SEC EDGAR. Moat analysis commonly looks at whether returns and margins held up over many years. These figures don’t say whether the company has an advantage, what it is, or whether it will last.
Capital allocation, 2022-2025: dividends or buybacks paid in every year (pass); $5.78B paid out against $7.29B of free cash flow (pass); total debt $990.40M to $996.30M, up 0.6%, 0.4x EBITDA (pass: not up more than 10%); shares outstanding 0.78B to 0.74B, down 4.9% (pass). 4 of 4 tests passed; the framework scores that as 5.
Filings
Three kinds of event the company reported to the SEC in the last 5 years, from its filings on SEC EDGAR.
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These are events the company reported to the SEC. An auditor change or a late filing can have many causes; each date links to the filing, where the company explains it. Valerius does not score these.
Graham Formula:
IV = EPS x (8.5 + 2g) x (4.4 / Y)
EPS = $2.73, g = 20.0%, Y = 4.5
g capped at 20.0% (3-year EPS CAGR was 28.7%)
IV = $129.46
Current price $169.13 vs Graham value $129.46 — price is 30.6% above the model value.
DCF:
FCF/share = $3.088
Stage 1 growth = 13.2% for 5 years | terminal growth = 3.0% | discount rate = 10.0%
Y1: $3.495 → PV $3.178
Y2: $3.957 → PV $3.270
Y3: $4.479 → PV $3.365
Y4: $5.070 → PV $3.463
Y5: $5.740 → PV $3.564
Stage 1 PV sum = $16.84
Terminal value at end of Y5 = $84.46
PV of terminal value = $52.44
DCF value = $69.28
Current price $169.13 vs DCF value $69.28 — price is 144.1% above the model value.Data from yfinance summary figures and financial statements, and from the company’s 10-K filings via SEC EDGAR; computed at a price of $169.13. Every score is calculated from the figures by the framework’s fixed rules, and the explanation beside it is generated from the same figures: Graham value, DCF value, margin of safety, ROIC, profit margins, debt-to-equity, price-to-book, EPS trend, ROE trend, free cash flow, retained earnings and capital allocation. No AI is involved in this scorecard. The moat is shown as evidence, without a score. Read each score with the figures beside it. A check that cannot be scored from the available data is shown as not scored and left out of the composite score. Intrinsic value calculations are model outputs based on stated assumptions, not predictions.
Recent headlines · third-party publishers · not investment advice
The 8 newest headlines whose title names the company, shown automatically and never chosen by Valerius. From third-party publishers via Yahoo Finance, linked to the source. Valerius doesn't write or endorse them. Not investment advice.