GM Value Scorecard - General Motors

Value Scorecard · run 2026-10-18

13 value checks: 12 scored 1 to 5, plus moat evidence

33/60

low-moderate value score

Earnings & returns

EPS Trend

2/5

Diluted EPS: $6.13 (2022), $7.32 (2023), $6.37 (2024), $3.27 (2025). It ended at or below 2022; the framework scores that as 2.

ROE Trend

3/5

ROE (net income / common equity): 13.2% (2022), 15.6% (2023), 11.4% (2024), 5.2% (2025). Median 12.3%, lowest 5.2%; the framework scores a median 10-15% as 3.

ROIC

1/5

ROIC of 1.5%: operating income of $2.91B divided by $187.94B of capital (total assets $281.28B minus current liabilities $93.34B), fiscal year to Dec 31, 2025, as filed in the 10-K (SEC EDGAR). The framework scores below 5% as 1.

Profit Margins

2/5

Net margin of 1.1%; the framework scores 0-5% as 2; gross margin 10.2%, operating margin 3.2%.

Balance sheet & cash

Debt-to-Equity

2/5

Debt-to-equity of 2.02; the framework scores 1.5-2.5 as 2 (total debt $128.77B, total cash $24.72B).

Free Cash Flow

4/5

Free cash flow (operating cash flow minus capital expenditure): -$5.14B (2022), -$3.68B (2023), -$5.98B (2024), $1.77B (2025). It rose every year but one and ended above 2022; the framework scores that as 4.

Retained Earnings

3/5

Retained earnings, as filed in the 10-Ks (SEC EDGAR): $49.25B (2022), $55.39B (2023), $53.47B (2024), $51.52B (2025). It ended above 2022 but did not rise in 2 of 3 years; the framework scores that as 3.

Valuation models

Graham IV

1/5

IV = EPS x (8.5 + 2g) x (4.4 / Y) = $2.23 x (8.5 + 2 x 0.0) x (4.4 / 4.5) = $18.53 (EPS CAGR -33.2% floored at 0%; the formula returns a negative value below -4.25% growth). Current price $83.96; price is 353.0% above the model value.

DCF Value

5/5

FCF/share = $24.997, stage 1 growth = 3.8% for 5 years, terminal growth = 3%, discount rate = 10%. Stage 1 PV = $105.37, PV of terminal value = $275.20, DCF value = $380.58. Current price $83.96; price is 77.9% below the model value.

Margin of Safety

3/5

Graham value $18.53 (price is 353.0% above the model value); DCF value $380.58 (price is 77.9% below the model value).

Price-to-Book

4/5

P/B of 1.19; the framework scores 1.0-1.5 as 4.

Business quality

Moat Evidence

Not scored

A moat (a brand, a network, switching costs, patents, scale, a licence) is not a number in the filings, so Valerius doesn’t score it. Below are the figures and the words moat analysis starts from, from the company’s own 10-K filings. The conclusion is yours.

Return on capital, each year

Above 15% in 0 of 10 years (2016-2025); lowest 1.5%, highest 7.0%.

Gross margin, each year

Between 9.3% and 20.2% over 6 years (a range of 10.9 points).

Competition, in the company’s own words · 10-K filed Jan 27, 2026

The latest 10-K has no section headed “Competition” that could be quoted. Open the filing to read how the company describes its markets.

Return on capital = operating income / (total assets − current liabilities), the ROIC row’s definition; 15% is the framework’s return threshold. Gross margin = gross profit / revenue. Both from each year’s 10-K via SEC EDGAR. Moat analysis commonly looks at whether returns and margins held up over many years. These figures don’t say whether the company has an advantage, what it is, or whether it will last.

Capital Allocation

3/5

Capital allocation, 2022-2025: dividends or buybacks paid in every year (pass); $29.00B paid out against -$13.03B of free cash flow (fail: free cash flow was negative); total debt $115.67B to $131.31B, up 13.5%, 7.1x EBITDA (fail: up more than 10% and above 2x EBITDA); shares outstanding 1.40B to 0.90B, down 35.4% (pass). 2 of 4 tests passed; the framework scores that as 3.

Filings

Company notices to the SEC

Not scored

Three kinds of event the company reported to the SEC in the last 5 years, from its filings on SEC EDGAR.

These are events the company reported to the SEC. An auditor change or a late filing can have many causes; each date links to the filing, where the company explains it. Valerius does not score these.

How the Graham and DCF values were calculated

  Graham Formula:
    IV = EPS x (8.5 + 2g) x (4.4 / Y)
    EPS = $2.23, g = 0.0%, Y = 4.5
    g floored at 0.0% (3-year EPS CAGR was -33.2%; below -4.25% the formula returns a negative value)
    IV = $18.53
    Current price $83.96 vs Graham value $18.53 — price is 353.0% above the model value.

  DCF:
    FCF/share = $24.997
    Stage 1 growth = 3.8% for 5 years | terminal growth = 3.0% | discount rate = 10.0%
      Y1: $25.947 → PV $23.588
      Y2: $26.933 → PV $22.259
      Y3: $27.956 → PV $21.004
      Y4: $29.019 → PV $19.820
      Y5: $30.121 → PV $18.703
    Stage 1 PV sum = $105.37
    Terminal value at end of Y5 = $443.22
    PV of terminal value = $275.20
    DCF value = $380.58
    Current price $83.96 vs DCF value $380.58 — price is 77.9% below the model value.

Data from yfinance summary figures and financial statements, and from the company’s 10-K filings via SEC EDGAR; computed at a price of $83.96. Every score is calculated from the figures by the framework’s fixed rules, and the explanation beside it is generated from the same figures: Graham value, DCF value, margin of safety, ROIC, profit margins, debt-to-equity, price-to-book, EPS trend, ROE trend, free cash flow, retained earnings and capital allocation. No AI is involved in this scorecard. The moat is shown as evidence, without a score. Read each score with the figures beside it. Intrinsic value calculations are model outputs based on stated assumptions, not predictions.

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