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Research · S&P 500 · Financials
The numbers, the scorecard and what analysts say, with the source for each. Information, not advice.
Price · last 3 months · daily close
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Daily closing prices via yfinance. Quotes are delayed. Past prices are not a guarantee of future results.
Value Scorecard · run 2026-10-18
Earnings & returns
Diluted EPS: $0.40 (2022), $3.77 (2023), $6.16 (2024), $5.78 (2025). It rose every year but one and ended above 2022; the framework scores that as 4.
ROE (net income / common equity): 0.5% (2022), 4.3% (2023), 7.0% (2024), 6.1% (2025). Median 5.2%, lowest 0.5%; the framework scores a median 5-10% as 2.
ROIC of 3.8%: operating income of $1.75B divided by $45.88B of capital (total assets $53.34B minus current liabilities $7.46B), fiscal year to Dec 31, 2025, as filed in the 10-K (SEC EDGAR). The framework scores below 5% as 1.
Net margin of -9.2%; the framework scores a negative net margin as 1; gross margin 64.0%, operating margin 16.1%.
Balance sheet & cash
Debt-to-equity of 0.98; the framework scores 0.8-1.5 as 3 (total debt $23.56B, total cash $5.41B).
Free cash flow (operating cash flow minus capital expenditure): $1.63B (2022), $1.89B (2023), $2.38B (2024), $2.04B (2025). It rose every year but one and ended above 2022; the framework scores that as 4.
Retained earnings, as filed in the 10-Ks (SEC EDGAR): $2.73B (2022), $3.46B (2023), $4.77B (2024), $5.94B (2025). It rose every year; the framework scores that as 5.
Valuation models
IV = EPS x (8.5 + 2g) x (4.4 / Y) = $2.13 x (8.5 + 2 x 20.0) x (4.4 / 4.5) = $101.01 (EPS CAGR 23.8% capped at 20%). Current price $83.67; price is 17.2% below the model value.
FCF/share = $29.732, stage 1 growth = 2.2% for 5 years, terminal growth = 3%, discount rate = 10%. Stage 1 PV = $119.87, PV of terminal value = $302.87, DCF value = $422.75. Current price $83.67; price is 80.2% below the model value.
Graham value $101.01 (price is 17.2% below the model value); DCF value $422.75 (price is 80.2% below the model value).
P/B of 0.96; the framework scores below 1.0 as 5.
Business quality
A moat (a brand, a network, switching costs, patents, scale, a licence) is not a number in the filings, so Valerius doesn’t score it. Below are the figures and the words moat analysis starts from, from the company’s own 10-K filings. The conclusion is yours.
Return on capital, each year
Above 15% in 0 of 10 years (2016-2025); lowest 1.7%, highest 7.4%.
Gross margin, each year
Between 50.8% and 73.7% over 10 years (a range of 22.9 points).
Competition, in the company’s own words · 10-K filed Feb 20, 2026
We believe that our competitive strengths include the following: • Technology Solutions - We provide innovative payment technology solutions, as well as enterprise software and other commerce enablement solutions, that enable our customers to operate their businesses more efficiently, increase sales and simplify the payments process, regardless of the channel through which the transaction occurs. We believe our robust technology solutions will continue to differentiate us in the marketplace and position us for continued growth. • Global Footprint and Distribution - Our worldwide presence allows us to focus our investments on markets with promising gross domestic product fundamentals and favorable secular trends, makes us more attractive to certain customers with international operations and exposes us to emerging innovations that we can adopt globally, while diversifying our economic risk.
The opening of the company’s “Competitive Strengths” section in its 10-K, quoted word for word, not summarized or edited. It is the company’s own description, not Valerius’s view, and may include the company’s expectations. Open the filing.
Return on capital = operating income / (total assets − current liabilities), the ROIC row’s definition; 15% is the framework’s return threshold. Gross margin = gross profit / revenue. Both from each year’s 10-K via SEC EDGAR. Moat analysis commonly looks at whether returns and margins held up over many years. These figures don’t say whether the company has an advantage, what it is, or whether it will last.
Capital allocation, 2022-2025: dividends or buybacks paid in every year (pass); $7.28B paid out against $7.94B of free cash flow (pass); total debt $14.29B to $21.87B, up 53.1%, 6.6x EBITDA (fail: up more than 10% and above 2x EBITDA); shares outstanding 0.26B to 0.24B, down 10.0% (pass). 3 of 4 tests passed; the framework scores that as 4.
Filings
Three kinds of event the company reported to the SEC in the last 5 years, from its filings on SEC EDGAR.
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These are events the company reported to the SEC. An auditor change or a late filing can have many causes; each date links to the filing, where the company explains it. Valerius does not score these.
Graham Formula:
IV = EPS x (8.5 + 2g) x (4.4 / Y)
EPS = $2.13, g = 20.0%, Y = 4.5
g capped at 20.0% (3-year EPS CAGR was 23.8%)
IV = $101.01
Current price $83.67 vs Graham value $101.01 — price is 17.2% below the model value.
DCF:
FCF/share = $29.732
Stage 1 growth = 2.2% for 5 years | terminal growth = 3.0% | discount rate = 10.0%
Y1: $30.387 → PV $27.624
Y2: $31.055 → PV $25.665
Y3: $31.738 → PV $23.845
Y4: $32.437 → PV $22.155
Y5: $33.150 → PV $20.584
Stage 1 PV sum = $119.87
Terminal value at end of Y5 = $487.78
PV of terminal value = $302.87
DCF value = $422.75
Current price $83.67 vs DCF value $422.75 — price is 80.2% below the model value.Data from yfinance summary figures and financial statements, and from the company’s 10-K filings via SEC EDGAR; computed at a price of $83.67. Every score is calculated from the figures by the framework’s fixed rules, and the explanation beside it is generated from the same figures: Graham value, DCF value, margin of safety, ROIC, profit margins, debt-to-equity, price-to-book, EPS trend, ROE trend, free cash flow, retained earnings and capital allocation. No AI is involved in this scorecard. The moat is shown as evidence, without a score. Read each score with the figures beside it. Intrinsic value calculations are model outputs based on stated assumptions, not predictions.
Recent headlines · third-party publishers · not investment advice
The 8 newest headlines whose title names the company, shown automatically and never chosen by Valerius. From third-party publishers via Yahoo Finance, linked to the source. Valerius doesn't write or endorse them. Not investment advice.