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ValeriusBeta - Not investment advice
Research · S&P 500 · Information Technology
The numbers, the scorecard and what analysts say, with the source for each. Information, not advice.
Price · last 3 months · daily close
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Daily closing prices via yfinance. Quotes are delayed. Past prices are not a guarantee of future results.
Value Scorecard · run 2026-10-18
Earnings & returns
Diluted EPS: $2.65 (2022), $2.06 (2023), $3.12 (2024), $6.14 (2025). It rose every year but one and ended above 2022; the framework scores that as 4.
ROE (net income / common equity): 13.6% (2022), 9.2% (2023), 11.7% (2024), 19.2% (2025). Median 12.7%, lowest 9.2%; the framework scores a median 10-15% as 3.
ROIC of 18.3%: operating income of $982.38M divided by $5.38B of capital (total assets $6.62B minus current liabilities $1.24B), fiscal year to Sep 30, 2025, as filed in the 10-K (SEC EDGAR). The framework scores 15-20% as 4.
Net margin of 41.4%; the framework scores above 20% as 5; gross margin 84.5%, operating margin 28.2%.
Balance sheet & cash
Debt-to-equity of 0.46; the framework scores 0.3-0.8 as 4 (total debt $1.61B, total cash $351.45M).
Free cash flow (operating cash flow minus capital expenditure): $409.38M (2022), $587.05M (2023), $735.61M (2024), $856.69M (2025). It rose every year; the framework scores that as 5.
Retained earnings, as filed in the 10-Ks (SEC EDGAR): $727.74M (2022), $973.28M (2023), $1.35B (2024), $2.08B (2025). It rose every year; the framework scores that as 5.
Valuation models
IV = EPS x (8.5 + 2g) x (4.4 / Y) = $10.31 x (8.5 + 2 x 20.0) x (4.4 / 4.5) = $488.92 (EPS CAGR 72.6% capped at 20%). Current price $192.98; price is 60.5% below the model value.
FCF/share = $9.495, stage 1 growth = 14.3% for 5 years, terminal growth = 3%, discount rate = 10%. Stage 1 PV = $53.34, PV of terminal value = $169.23, DCF value = $222.57. Current price $192.98; price is 13.3% below the model value.
Graham value $488.92 (price is 60.5% below the model value); DCF value $222.57 (price is 13.3% below the model value).
P/B of 6.16; the framework scores above 5.0 as 1.
Business quality
A moat (a brand, a network, switching costs, patents, scale, a licence) is not a number in the filings, so Valerius doesn’t score it. Below are the figures and the words moat analysis starts from, from the company’s own 10-K filings. The conclusion is yours.
Return on capital, each year
Above 15% in 1 of 10 years (2016-2025); lowest -2.2%, highest 18.3%.
Gross margin, each year
Between 71.4% and 83.8% over 10 years (a range of 12.4 points).
Competition, in the company’s own words · 10-K filed Nov 21, 2025
We compete with a number of companies whose offerings address one or more specific functional areas covered by our solutions. For enterprise CAD and PLM solutions, we compete with large established companies including Autodesk, Dassault Systèmes SA, and Siemens AG. For our ALM products, we compete with IBM, Jama Software, Inc. and Siemens AG. For our SLM products, we compete with enterprise software companies such as Oracle, SAP, IFS AB, Microsoft, and Salesforce, and with companies that offer point solutions.
The opening of the company’s “Competition” section in its 10-K, quoted word for word, not summarized or edited. It is the company’s own description, not Valerius’s view, and may include the company’s expectations. Open the filing.
Return on capital = operating income / (total assets − current liabilities), the ROIC row’s definition; 15% is the framework’s return threshold. Gross margin = gross profit / revenue. Both from each year’s 10-K via SEC EDGAR. Moat analysis commonly looks at whether returns and margins held up over many years. These figures don’t say whether the company has an advantage, what it is, or whether it will last.
Capital allocation, 2022-2025: dividends or buybacks paid in 2 of 4 years (fail); $425.00M paid out against $2.59B of free cash flow (pass); total debt $1.54B to $1.37B, down 11.1%, 1.2x EBITDA (pass: not up more than 10%); shares outstanding 0.12B to 0.12B, up 1.8% (pass). 3 of 4 tests passed; the framework scores that as 4.
Filings
Three kinds of event the company reported to the SEC in the last 5 years, from its filings on SEC EDGAR.
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These are events the company reported to the SEC. An auditor change or a late filing can have many causes; each date links to the filing, where the company explains it. Valerius does not score these.
Graham Formula:
IV = EPS x (8.5 + 2g) x (4.4 / Y)
EPS = $10.31, g = 20.0%, Y = 4.5
g capped at 20.0% (3-year EPS CAGR was 72.6%)
IV = $488.92
Current price $192.98 vs Graham value $488.92 — price is 60.5% below the model value.
DCF:
FCF/share = $9.495
Stage 1 growth = 14.3% for 5 years | terminal growth = 3.0% | discount rate = 10.0%
Y1: $10.852 → PV $9.866
Y2: $12.404 → PV $10.251
Y3: $14.178 → PV $10.652
Y4: $16.206 → PV $11.069
Y5: $18.523 → PV $11.501
Stage 1 PV sum = $53.34
Terminal value at end of Y5 = $272.55
PV of terminal value = $169.23
DCF value = $222.57
Current price $192.98 vs DCF value $222.57 — price is 13.3% below the model value.Data from yfinance summary figures and financial statements, and from the company’s 10-K filings via SEC EDGAR; computed at a price of $192.98. Every score is calculated from the figures by the framework’s fixed rules, and the explanation beside it is generated from the same figures: Graham value, DCF value, margin of safety, ROIC, profit margins, debt-to-equity, price-to-book, EPS trend, ROE trend, free cash flow, retained earnings and capital allocation. No AI is involved in this scorecard. The moat is shown as evidence, without a score. Read each score with the figures beside it. Intrinsic value calculations are model outputs based on stated assumptions, not predictions.
Recent headlines · third-party publishers · not investment advice
The 8 newest headlines whose title names the company, shown automatically and never chosen by Valerius. From third-party publishers via Yahoo Finance, linked to the source. Valerius doesn't write or endorse them. Not investment advice.