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Research · S&P 500 · Information Technology
The numbers, the scorecard and what analysts say, with the source for each. Information, not advice.
Price · last 3 months · daily close
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Daily closing prices via yfinance. Quotes are delayed. Past prices are not a guarantee of future results.
Value Scorecard · run 2026-10-18
Earnings & returns
Diluted EPS: $16.53 (2022), $18.49 (2023), $17.21 (2024), $18.88 (2025). It rose every year but one and ended above 2022; the framework scores that as 4.
ROE (net income / common equity): 9.7% (2022), 9.6% (2023), 8.6% (2024), 8.5% (2025). Median 9.1%, lowest 8.5%; the framework scores a median 5-10% as 2.
ROIC of 8.6%: operating income of $1.15B divided by $13.43B of capital (total assets $15.29B minus current liabilities $1.86B), fiscal year to Dec 28, 2025, as filed in the 10-K (SEC EDGAR). The framework scores 5-10% as 2.
Net margin of 15.3%; the framework scores 10-20% as 4; gross margin 43.3%, operating margin 20.2%.
Balance sheet & cash
Debt-to-equity of 0.19; the framework scores below 0.3 as 5 (total debt $2.03B, total cash $340.10M).
Free cash flow (operating cash flow minus capital expenditure): $394.20M (2022), $721.20M (2023), $1.11B (2024), $1.07B (2025). It rose every year but one and ended above 2022; the framework scores that as 4.
Retained earnings, as filed in the 10-Ks (SEC EDGAR): $4.56B (2023), $5.45B (2023), $6.27B (2024), $7.14B (2025). It rose every year; the framework scores that as 5.
Valuation models
IV = EPS x (8.5 + 2g) x (4.4 / Y) = $20.67 x (8.5 + 2 x 1.0) x (4.4 / 4.5) = $212.21. Current price $618.60; price is 191.5% above the model value.
FCF/share = $19.700, stage 1 growth = 4.2% for 5 years, terminal growth = 3%, discount rate = 10%. Stage 1 PV = $83.97, PV of terminal value = $221.09, DCF value = $305.06. Current price $618.60; price is 102.8% above the model value.
Graham value $212.21 (price is 191.5% above the model value); DCF value $305.06 (price is 102.8% above the model value).
P/B of 2.63; the framework scores 1.5-3.0 as 3.
Business quality
A moat (a brand, a network, switching costs, patents, scale, a licence) is not a number in the filings, so Valerius doesn’t score it. Below are the figures and the words moat analysis starts from, from the company’s own 10-K filings. The conclusion is yours.
Return on capital, each year
Above 15% in 0 of 10 years (2017-2025); lowest 4.8%, highest 13.5%.
Gross margin, each year
Between 37.6% and 43.3% over 10 years (a range of 5.7 points).
Competition, in the company’s own words · 10-K filed Feb 20, 2026
Because of the diversity of products we sell and the number of markets we serve, we encounter a wide variety of competitors, none of which we believe offer the same product and service lines or serve all of the same markets as we do. Although we have certain advantages that we believe help us compete effectively in our markets, each of our markets is highly competitive. Our businesses compete on quality, product performance and reliability, technical expertise, price, and service. Many of our competitors have, and potential competitors could have, greater name recognition, a larger installed base of products, more extensive engineering, manufacturing, marketing and distribution capabilities and greater financial, technological and personnel resources than we do.
The opening of the company’s “Competition” section in its 10-K, quoted word for word, not summarized or edited. It is the company’s own description, not Valerius’s view, and may include the company’s expectations. Open the filing.
Return on capital = operating income / (total assets − current liabilities), the ROIC row’s definition; 15% is the framework’s return threshold. Gross margin = gross profit / revenue. Both from each year’s 10-K via SEC EDGAR. Moat analysis commonly looks at whether returns and margins held up over many years. These figures don’t say whether the company has an advantage, what it is, or whether it will last.
Capital allocation, 2022-2025: dividends or buybacks paid in 2 of 4 years (fail); $756.90M paid out against $3.30B of free cash flow (pass); total debt $3.92B to $2.64B, down 32.6%, 1.8x EBITDA (pass: not up more than 10%); shares outstanding 0.05B to 0.05B, down 1.5% (pass). 3 of 4 tests passed; the framework scores that as 4.
Filings
Three kinds of event the company reported to the SEC in the last 5 years, from its filings on SEC EDGAR.
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These are events the company reported to the SEC. An auditor change or a late filing can have many causes; each date links to the filing, where the company explains it. Valerius does not score these.
Graham Formula:
IV = EPS x (8.5 + 2g) x (4.4 / Y)
EPS = $20.67, g = 1.0%, Y = 4.5
IV = $212.21
Current price $618.60 vs Graham value $212.21 — price is 191.5% above the model value.
DCF:
FCF/share = $19.700
Stage 1 growth = 4.2% for 5 years | terminal growth = 3.0% | discount rate = 10.0%
Y1: $20.527 → PV $18.661
Y2: $21.389 → PV $17.677
Y3: $22.288 → PV $16.745
Y4: $23.224 → PV $15.862
Y5: $24.199 → PV $15.026
Stage 1 PV sum = $83.97
Terminal value at end of Y5 = $356.07
PV of terminal value = $221.09
DCF value = $305.06
Current price $618.60 vs DCF value $305.06 — price is 102.8% above the model value.Data from yfinance summary figures and financial statements, and from the company’s 10-K filings via SEC EDGAR; computed at a price of $618.60. Every score is calculated from the figures by the framework’s fixed rules, and the explanation beside it is generated from the same figures: Graham value, DCF value, margin of safety, ROIC, profit margins, debt-to-equity, price-to-book, EPS trend, ROE trend, free cash flow, retained earnings and capital allocation. No AI is involved in this scorecard. The moat is shown as evidence, without a score. Read each score with the figures beside it. Intrinsic value calculations are model outputs based on stated assumptions, not predictions.
Recent headlines · third-party publishers · not investment advice
The 8 newest headlines whose title names the company, shown automatically and never chosen by Valerius. From third-party publishers via Yahoo Finance, linked to the source. Valerius doesn't write or endorse them. Not investment advice.